Impact of Jealousy on Relationships

Impact of Jealousy on Relationships Jealousy has crucial and far-reaching implications for persons who are involved in romantic relationships. According to Harris (2009), individuals in a romantic relationship, do at some point experience the feeling of jealousy. Among most definitions of jealousy, it is usually defined as an emotional response to the real or imagined threat of losing something of value from a romantic relationship (Salovey Rodin, 1985; White Mullen, 1989). Some researchers for example Anderson et al. (1995) view romantic jealousy as a positive experience. Having a jealous partner, can cause someone to become careful and avoid other relationships formation and thereby do not longer take his or her current partner for granted. Harris and Darby (2010) supported this conclusion by saying that â€Å"it alerts one to relationship threats and can motivate behaviors that protect the relationship† (p.547). Taking into consideration that the experience of jealousy may protect romantic relationships against potential threat, it is seen to coincide with evolutionary psychological perspective on relationships. From this approach, Buss (2000) argues that romantic jealousy is an adaptive emotion that helps those who are at the risk of losing their partner to a third party and thus must act to hinder the potential loss of the sexual reproductive benefits they gain from their partner. Thus in a way, jealousy may forestall a partners unfaithfulness and is therefore fundamental to relationship bettering goals of mate guarding and mate retention. Evolutionary psychology also predicted who is more prone to be jealous. In most couples, a partner may be more physically attractive, having good health and resources. They thus have the power to attract possible replacement partners than the other partner, which is known as the â€Å"fluctuating asymmetry† (Gangestad Thornhill, 1997). The less a ttractive partner experiencing jealousy in this context is believed to be adaptive in order to protect their relationship from being threatened by a rival and breaking. The study done by Brown and Moore (2003) is in line with this argument. Despite of its good side, there are several evidence for the dark side of jealousy. Barelds and Dijkstra (2006) said that in Western culture jealousy has a negative significance and is frequently seen as a socially undesirable emotion. Many of the empirical studies done in the past have also found that the common person tends to describe jealousy as a negative and bad emotion. For instance the study done by Sharpsteen in 1993 reveals that during the study when people were asked to determine the characteristics of jealousy, their answers were hurt, threatened, bad thoughts about other man and woman. In other words they identified the features of jealousy as negative only. According some researchers for example Hendrick and Hendrick (1983), the feeling of jealousy is not healthy and it is an evidence of deficit. Other researchers have associated jealousy with low self-esteem (Bringle, 1981), low self confidence ( Bunk, 1997), low generalized trust ( Buunk and Dijkstra, 2000), low empathy for others (Radecki Bush, Farrell, Bush, 1993), loneliness ( Rotenberg, Schewchuk Kimberley, 2001), a need for approval (Salovey Rodin, 1985,1989), neuroticism (Stieger, Preyss Voracek, 2012), depression (Tarrier, Beckett, Harwood Ahmed, 1989) and generalized hostility (Thomas, Miller Warner, 1988). On attachment basis, it was found that individuals who display insecure attachment style are more likely to feel jealous about their partner than those who have a secure attachment style (White Mullen, 1989, Sharpsteen Kirkpatrick, 1997, Guerrero, 1998, Harris 2009). The worst side of jealousy is that it can cause someone to become aggressive and violent towards romantic rivals. (DeSteno et al. 2006; Paul et al. 1993; Chiffriller Hennessy, 2007; Harris, 2003; Mullen 1995). All the studies cited above, under the definition of jealousy gives us evidence for the good and bad sides of romantic jealousy. However, most researchers now are in the favor of a multidimensional approach in order to clearly understand how jealousy is conceptualized and experienced. (Bevan Samter, 2004; Buunk, 1991, 1997; Buunk Dijkstra, 2006; Harris, 2009; Pfeiffer Wong, 1989; Salovey, 1991; Sharpsteen, 1991). Bringle et al. (2007) put forward the transactional model of jealousy, which is a multidimensional approach that defines two types of jealousy. First the suspicious type and second the reactive type. Suspicious type of jealousy comprises of feelings, behaviors and thoughts that are experienced when major cases that would usually arouse jealousy are absent. In addition, someone experiencing features like high levels of anxiety, insecurity about their relationship and doubt describes suspicious jealousy. The reactive type is however different from the suspicious type of jea lousy. This kind of jealousy occurs when one partner has learned that his partner has betrayed him or her. Suspicious jealousy is referred to internal individual factors like low self-confidence and insecurity, while reactive jealousy is related to exogenous factors that come from the relationship and society. Scholars Buunk (1991,1997), White and Mullen (1989) identified three components of jealousy: Emotional Jealousy, Cognitive Jealousy and Behavioral Jealousy. Emotional Jealousy Series of studies have concentrated on the emotional component of jealousy. Emotional jealousy comprises of an affective reaction to a real or an imagined threat to a valued relationship (Theiss Solomon, 2006). Emotional arousal embraces negative feelings such as anxiety, discomfort, anger, fear, insecurity, and upset (Guerrero, Eloy, Jorgensen, Andersen, 1993; Sharpsteen, 1993; Sharpsteen Kirkpatrick, 1997). Depending on the situations, emotional jealousy may also include feelings of sadness, guilt and envy (Guerrero, Trost, Yoshimura, 2005; White Mullen, 1989). Emotional jealousy refers to how someone feels when his or her partner is flirting with someone else, kissing or hugging someone of the opposite sex or how that person feels when he or she learns that somebody else is dating his or her partner. Cognitive jealousy Several studies have analyzed the role of cognition in jealousy, which includes the appraisal of threat to a relationship (Fitness Fletcher, 1993; Harris, 2003a; Nannini Meyers, 2000). The repeated thoughts of anxiousness, doubts and suspicions someone has about his or her partners potential infidelity and external relationships characterize cognitive jealousy (Theiss Solomon, 2006). It involves someone who is obsessed by mistaken beliefs, worries and suspicions about rivals to a valued romantic relationship. Cognitive jealousy implies the construction of elaborate cognitive scenarios that result in biases toward perceiving relational threats and misunderstanding of the partner’s behavior (Rydell Bringle, 2007). Examples of cognitive jealousy include a person always imagining a romantic partner as disloyal, interpreting the way their partner interact with the opposite sex as flirting, or comparing oneself incessantly with a potential romantic rival. Behavioral jealousy Behavioral jealousy was defined by Pfeiffer and Wong (1989) as the â€Å"detective/protective measures a person takes when relationship rivals (real or imaginary) are perceived† (p. 184). Jealous behaviors may be expressed in many ways however; the purpose to either protect the relationship or notice potential threats to the relationship is what they have in common. The goal of someone who expresses behavioral jealousy is to ensure that intimacy does not take place between ones partner and a third party. Examples of behavioral jealousy include being inquisitive, checking up on one’s partner, searching his or her belongings, mobile phones, making uncomplimentary statements about the rival, or trying to come in between the partner and rival when they are engaged in conversation. According to this definition, spying or surveillance of one’s partner would consist of a more severe form of behavioral jealousy. White (1981) viewed such behaviors as ways to manage emotions, especially as jealousy is more probable to occur for individuals who are in committed relat ionships than for individuals who are in an open relationships or singles (Pines Aronson, 1983; White Mullen, 1989). A study done by Theresa Hurton (2011), who looks at the relationship between social network site Facebook and how it impacts college romantic relationships, found that there is a positive correlation between checking Facebook daily and presence of jealousy in romantic relationships. Other scholars for example Muise et al (2009) conducted a study that reveals a significant association between time spent on Facebook and jealousy related feelings and behaviors experienced on Facebook. Nowadays Facebook is known to almost all people in the world, it is a new phenomenon and I think most people have a personal Facebook account, be it youngsters or adults. It has become one of the largest procrastinating tools’ for almost everyone. Despite the good sides that Facebook has, one example is that it provides the ease of communication, it does bring along some notorious effects, and one of them is that it may put romantic relationships at risk of breaking by inducing jealousy feelings in couples according to the literature.

Management Informational System

Answer Review questions 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, & 22 in your own words. First, write the questions, and then answer with proper explanation. 1. Define the term database. How is it different from a database management system? Database is simply a collection of data. A database helps and provides managers and decision making people with timely and relevant information that leads the company to organizational success. A database management system is totally different than regular database. A (DBMS) is a group of programs that manipulates the database. . What is the hierarchy of data in a database? The hierarchy of data in a database is bits, records, files, database, fields, and characters. 3. What is the purpose of a primary key? How is it useful in controlling data redundancy? The purpose of a primary key is identifying records and make sure they can be accessed and organized. It makes sure that each record in a file is unique; therefore, no two files can have the same informat ion. 4. What are the advantages of the database approach over the traditional approach to database management?Most companies use database approach more over the traditional approach because it allows them the ability to share data and information. It allows them to share a pool of data with multiple different types of information systems. 5. What is data modeling? What is its purpose? Briefly describe three commonly used data models. Data modeling is an approach to modeling organizational objects and associations that employ both text and graphics. To come up with a solution to a problem after the company has gathered and analyzed information. Enterprise data modeling investigate data and information needs of the organization * Entity-relationship diagrams uses graphical symbols to show the organization of and relationship between data * Data model diagram of entities and their relationships 6. What is a database schema, and what is its purpose? A database schema is a description in cluding the logical and physical structure of the data and the relationship among the data. The purpose of database schema is to define the tables and other database associated with a user. 7.What is the difference between a data definition language (DDL) and a data manipulation language (DML)? DDL is a set of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and relationships in a specific database. DML is a language that allows user to access and modify the data, to make queries, and to generate reports. 8. What is a data warehouse, and how is it different from a traditional database used to support OLTP? A data warehouse holds all of the business information such as the processes, products, and customers of a company.It was designed to help with decision making for management and also stores historical data from operational systems and external sources. Data warehouse is more advanced and complex compared to using a traditional database. 9. What is the relationship betwe en the Internet and database? The Internet transmits data from one computer to another and database is a collection of organized data. 10. What is predictive analysis, and how does it assist businesses in gaining competitive advantage?Predictive analysis is a form of data mining that combines historical data with assumptions about future conditions to predict outcomes of events. It helps them find new market segments that could be profitable for their businesses. PART II Fill in the Blanks with appropriate words: 1. A(n) Database Administrator is a skilled and trained IS professional who directs all activities related to an organization’s database, including providing security from intruders. 2. A(n) Character is a basic building block of information, consisting of uppercase letters, lowercase letters, numeric digits, or special symbols. . A(n) Entity is a generalized class of people, places, or things for which data is collected, stored, and maintained. 4. A(n) Primary Key i s a field or set of fields that uniquely identifies the record. 5. A(n) Data Model is a diagram of entities and their relationships. 6. A(n) Relational Model database model that describes data in which all data elements are placed in two-dimensional tables, called relations, which are the logical equivalent of files. 7. A(n) Flat file is a simple database program whose records have no relationship to one another. 8.A(n) Data Definition Language (DDL) is a collection of instructions and commands used to define and describe data and relationships in a specific database. 9. A(n) Data Administrator is responsible for defining and implementing consistent principles for a variety of data issues, including setting data standards and data definitions that apply across all the databases in an organization. 10. A(n) Data Warehouse is a database that holds business information from many sources in the enterprise, covering all aspects of the company’s processes, products, and customers. 1. A(n) Data Mart is a subset of a data warehouse. 12. Data Mining is an information-analysis tool that involves the automated discovery of patterns and relationships in a data warehouse. 13. Predictive Analysis is a form of data mining that combines historical data with assumptions about future conditions to predict outcomes of events, such as future product sales or the probability that a customer will default on a loan. PART III Case #1 Managing International Trades with Powerful Database Systems Discussions questions 1.What unique challenges do databases that deal with financial markets face? They use the database to fuel business intelligence tools to allow it to process data. The company maintains a data warehouse on which it runs queries. 2. How does Internaxx separate data in its database for annual reports from the data that fuels real-time analytics? Inernaxx data warehouse provides data that gives out the annual reports that are updated frequently. Whereas, the functional databases that feed into the warehouse provides it with the real-time information.Critical thinking questions 1. In what ways does Internaxx use its database to provide the company with a competitive advantage? The Internaxx database fuels both wise investment decision-making for Intenaxx customers and wise business decision-making for Internaxx executives. It uses it database to fuel business intelligence and the company maintains the data in the warehouse. This insight helps to make a competitive advantage. Their database allows consumers to watch the rise and fall stock prices and market conditions. . What unique capabilities must the Internaxx database have in order to support trading in 15 stock exchanges around the world? They must deal with a numerous amount of data and the data collected by Internaxx originates from the many trading operations carried out by its customers. The company needs to make sure they have reliable network connection to make sure the exchanges are ef ficient and happen. Internaxx must have both a e-commerce and m-commerce to accomplish all of these exchanges around the world.

French Vocabulary Lesson At the Dentist

When you need to go to the dentist, you want to make sure that you can communicate effectively. It is very important that you understand what the dentist is saying in French and that you can tell them what it is you need. At the dentists office (chez le  dentiste), you will want to know a few basic French words. In this lesson, you will learn about different types of teeth, procedures your dentist may recommend, and how to communicate any tooth pain you are experiencing. It is an easy French lesson and you will find it very helpful. Note: Many of the words below are linked to .wav files. Simply click on the link to listen to the pronunciation. Types of Teeth Your teeth (les dents) are the focus of your trip to the dentist (le dentiste) and you should know how to identify which teeth are causing pain or concern. Tooth -  la  dentBaby tooth -  la dent de  laitBack tooth -  la dent du  fondMolar -  la  molaireCanine tooth -  la  canineFront tooth -  la dent de  devant Lower tooth -  la dent du  basUpper tooth -  la dent du  hautWisdom tooth - la dent de  sagesse Other Parts of the Mouth You may also need to discuss other parts of your mouth with the dentist. Mouth -  la  boucheGums -  la  genciveJaw -  la  mà ¢choire Dental Problems and Procedures Whether you are at the dentist for a teeth cleaning (le  dà ©tartrage) or something more serious, the dentist will  ask you to  open your mouth (ouvrez la bouche). A toothache (mal aux dents) may be caused by many things. Your dentist may talk to you about one of these problems and have a solution, which may be either permanent (dà ©finitive) or temporary (provisoire). Abscess -  un  abcà ¨sBroken tooth -  une dent  cassà ©eCavity - une  carieCrown -  la  couronneFilling -  un  plombage  or  une  obturationInfected -  infectà ©Root canal -  le  canal dentaire As the dentist works, they might need to use one of these to ease your pain. Be sure to tell them if you have any allergies or medical conditions. Local anesthesia -  une  anesthà ©sie  localeInjection -  une  piqà »reNovocain - la  Novocaà ¯ne Should you hear either  dents du bonheur or dents de la chance, the dentist may be speaking of a gap between your teeth, also known as diastema. Verbs Associated With Dentistry To go along with the nouns of dentistry, you may need to use one of these verbs to communicate your concern or understand what your dentist is recommending. To bleed -  saignerTo brush (ones teeth) -  se  brosser  (les dents)To hurt - se  faire malTo lose -  perdreTo pull out, remove -  arracherTo replace -  remplacerTo rinse -  rincer Taking Care of Your Teeth Of course, you need to take care of your teeth and these are essential French words you will want to know. Toothbrush -  la  brosse  Ãƒ  Ã‚  dents Toothpaste -  le  dentifriceDental floss -  le  fil  dentaireMouthwash -  leau  dentifrice

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